
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}  \cmidrule(lr){7-11}
                                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)           & (9)           & (10)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 1.123$^{***}$ & 0.917$^{***}$ & 0.866$^{***}$ & 1.097$^{***}$ & -0.205        & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.090$^{***}$ & 0.093$^{***}$ & 0.034\\   
                                               & (0.109)       & (0.134)       & (0.175)       & (0.126)       & (0.155)       & (0.022)       & (0.014)       & (0.013)       & (0.018)       & (0.021)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 1.522$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.068$^{***}$\\   
                                               &               &               &               &               & (0.150)       &               &               &               &               & (0.024)\\   
   Population                                  &               & 0.706$^{***}$ & 0.681$^{***}$ & 0.802$^{***}$ & 0.743$^{***}$ &               & 0.140$^{***}$ & 0.127$^{***}$ & 0.101$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$\\   
                                               &               & (0.100)       & (0.106)       & (0.201)       & (0.190)       &               & (0.020)       & (0.018)       & (0.030)       & (0.029)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.867$^{***}$ & 0.609$^{***}$ & 0.529$^{**}$  & 0.659$^{***}$ & -0.146        & 0.104$^{***}$ & 0.044$^{**}$  & 0.037$^{*}$   & 0.043$^{**}$  & -0.009\\   
                                                         & (0.161)       & (0.206)       & (0.244)       & (0.193)       & (0.135)       & (0.013)       & (0.018)       & (0.021)       & (0.016)       & (0.020)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 1.081$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.070$^{***}$\\   
                                                         &               &               &               &               & (0.214)       &               &               &               &               & (0.023)\\   
   Predicted population                                  &               & 0.602$^{***}$ & 0.614$^{***}$ & 0.441$^{**}$  & 0.211         &               & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.126$^{***}$ & 0.066$^{*}$   & 0.051\\   
                                                         &               & (0.132)       & (0.145)       & (0.197)       & (0.205)       &               & (0.024)       & (0.024)       & (0.034)       & (0.035)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 1.324$^{***}$ & 1.108$^{***}$ & 1.029$^{***}$ & 1.190$^{***}$ & -0.167        & 0.159$^{***}$ & 0.106$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$ & -0.005\\   
                                               & (0.147)       & (0.172)       & (0.243)       & (0.173)       & (0.281)       & (0.018)       & (0.016)       & (0.019)       & (0.019)       & (0.038)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 1.543$^{***}$ &               &               &               &               & 0.106$^{***}$\\   
                                               &               &               &               &               & (0.244)       &               &               &               &               & (0.036)\\   
   Population                                  &               & 0.677$^{***}$ & 0.697$^{***}$ & 0.985$^{***}$ & 0.743$^{***}$ &               & 0.164$^{***}$ & 0.140$^{***}$ & 0.135$^{**}$  & 0.119$^{**}$\\   
                                               &               & (0.119)       & (0.110)       & (0.239)       & (0.241)       &               & (0.026)       & (0.021)       & (0.053)       & (0.054)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat        & 106           & 176; 450      & 167; 342      & 145; 36       & 246; 58; 54   & 106           & 176; 450      & 167; 342      & 145; 36       & 246; 58; 54\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{9}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-11}
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Genetic distance weighted \\ surname diversity}} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}  \cmidrule(lr){7-11}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.655$^{***}$ & 0.639$^{***}$ & 0.647$^{***}$ & 0.623$^{***}$ & 0.494$^{***}$ &  & -0.146$^{***}$ & -0.197$^{***}$ & -0.084$^{**}$ & -0.025$^{*}$  \\
                                                         & (0.064)       & (0.087)       & (0.075)       & (0.068)       & (0.091)       &  & (0.029)        & (0.033)        & (0.031)       & (0.015)       \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               &               &               & 0.174$^{***}$ &  &                &                &               & -0.078$^{**}$ \\
                                                         &               &               &               &               & (0.058)       &  &                &                &               & (0.037)       \\
   Predicted population                                  &               & 0.038         & -0.029        & -0.072        & -0.109$^{*}$  &  & 0.827$^{***}$  & 0.923$^{***}$  & 0.535$^{***}$ & 0.551$^{***}$ \\
                                                         &               & (0.058)       & (0.050)       & (0.062)       & (0.062)       &  & (0.053)        & (0.069)        & (0.098)       & (0.106)       \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{5}{c}{Surname diversity}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-6}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity &  &  &  &  & -0.029        &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.019)       &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &  &  &  &  & 0.757$^{***}$ &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.087)       &  &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population                                  &  &  &  &  & -0.141$^{**}$ &  &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  &  &  & (0.063)       &  &  &  &  \\
\\
   County fixed effects                        & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects                        & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects                  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends                     &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


